Contact smart cards having a document core, contactless smart cards including multi-layered structure, PET-based identification document, and methods of making same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to identification documents and smart cards. In one implementation, we provide a contactless smart identification document comprising a first contact layer, a second contact layer, and a carrier layer. The carrier laver is sandwiched in between the first and second contact layers, and the carrier layer includes least a transceiver and electronic circuitry. At least a portion of the first and second contact layers migrate into the carrier layer. This migration helps to secure at least a portion of the transceiver or electronic circuitry to the first and second contact layers,

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/329,318, filed Dec. 23, 2002 which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/344,673, 60/344,717, and60/344,719, each filed on Dec. 24, 2001. The present application is alsorelated to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/969,200, filed Oct. 2,2001. Each of the above U.S. patent documents is herein incorporated byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to identification documents andsmart cards.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Verifying one's true identity is an ever-increasing problem. Identifytheft is rampant, and stolen identifies have even been used tofacilitate terrorist attacks. Computer networks and secure areas havebeen breached with misappropriated keys, passwords and codes.Conventional solutions typically include a photo identification documenthaving a photographic quality image of the license holder on thedocument protected from tampering by one or more security feature.Another solution is the use of so-called “smart cards.”

The term “smart card” as used herein is defined broadly to generallyinclude a device that carries information. (The definition of a smartcard used in this application is broad enough to include so-called radiofrequency identification cards—or RFID cards.). Typically, a smart cardincludes a microprocessor (or electronic processing circuitry) and/ormemory circuitry embedded therein. The electronic circuitry is oftenpackaged as a module. A memory smart card stores information inelectronic memory circuits, while a processor smart card can manipulateinformation stored in associated memory. Of course a smart card modulecan include both processing and memory circuitry. A “contact” smart cardcommunicates via a physical contact interface. A contact smart card istypically inserted into a smart card reader, thereby making physicalcontact between the interface and the reader. A “contactless” smart cardmay have an antenna through which signals are communicated, as shown inU.S. Pat. No. 6,424,029, which is herein incorporated by reference.Thus, a contactless smart card may not need a physical interface. Ofcourse, a smart card can include both a contact and contactless (e.g.,antenna and supporting circuitry) interface. A smart card may be passivein that it lacks an internal power source. Power can be supplied throughits interface, which energizes the smart card's internal circuits. Ofcourse, there are smart cards that may include an internal power source.Further background for smart cards and smart card readers can be found,e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,721,781, 5,955,961, 6,000,607, 6,047,888,6,193,163, 6,199,144, 6,202,932, 6,244,514, 6,247,644, 6,257,486, and6,485,319.

Smart cards are capable of performing a variety of functions, includingcarrying data, manipulation or processing information and data,controlling access (e.g., by carrying pass codes, biometric data,passwords, etc.), providing identifying information, holding biometricdata, etc. Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of possible smartcard functionality.

A conventional smart card manufacturing process provides a blank card.The blank is drilled, perhaps by a second vendor or manufacturer. Asmart card chip is inserted into a pre-drilled blank. (U.S. Pat. No.6,404,643, herein incorporated by reference, discloses a card with anintegrated circuit. The integrated circuit is attached to a card blankand is bonded by melt flowing adhesive. The card blank can have apre-drilled cavity into which the integrated circuit is placed, or maybe the same size and shape as is the card blank and a space therebetween is filled with adhesive.) Often times the chip filled blank ispassed to a third vendor or manufacturer who prints or engraves the chipfilled blank. The printing processes available at this stage aresometimes limited. In fact, printing is not always possible on bothsides of the card—due to the contact area presented by a smart cardmodule. Even if a smart card is printed after embedding an integratedcircuit module, the printing may nevertheless be vulnerable to maliciousattacks (e.g., by changing information printed on the smart card).

We have found additional limitations that are associated withconventional smart cards. In the case of contact smart cards, some ofthese problems include the smart card module popping off the card whenflexed, flex stresses that damage the smart card module, and/or the carditself cracking with normal wear and tear.

Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, we provide acontact smart card including a core layer. The core layer can include asynthetic paper—offering flexibility for the contact smart card. Thus,the synthetic paper core may also help to reduce cracking often seenafter normal wear and tear of conventional smart cards. The core layeris preferably preprinted, perhaps with personal information, prior tothe insertion of a smart card module. We can print high quality imagesand text—on both sides of the document, if needed—since the smart cardmodule is installed after printing. The print is preferably covered witha laminate to offer intrusion protection and wear-and-tear protection. Acavity is formed in the laminated structure and integrated circuitry issecured in the cavity.

Some of our smart card processes can also be controlled by one entity,if desired, such as in a “central” issue (CI) program. Commercialsystems for issuing ID documents are of two main types, namely so-called“central” issue (CI), and so-called “on-the-spot” or “over-the-counter”(OTC) issue. Of course, we envision that we will provide so-called“blank” documents (e.g., document structures without printing andlamination, or with some pre-printing and/or some lamination) toover-the-counter (OTC) issuing stations.

Central issue type ID documents are not immediately provided to thebearer, but are later issued to the bearer from a central location. Forexample, in one type of CI environment, a bearer reports to a documentstation where data is collected, the data is forwarded to a centrallocation where the card is produced, and the card is forwarded to thebearer, often by mail. Another illustrative example of a CI assemblingprocess occurs in a setting where a driver passes a driving test, butthen receives her license in the mail from a CI facility a short timelater. Still another illustrative example of a CI assembling processoccurs in a setting where a driver renews her license by mail or overthe Internet, then receives a drivers license through the mail.

Centrally issued identification documents can be produced from digitallystored information and generally comprise a core material (also referredto as “substrate”), such as paper or plastic, sandwiched between aplurality of layers of, e.g., clear plastic laminate, such as polyesteror polycarbonate, to protect printed information (e.g., photographs,text, barcodes, biometric representations, security features, etc.) fromwear, exposure to the elements and tampering. The materials used in suchCI identification documents can offer the ultimate in durability. Inaddition, centrally issued digital identification documents generallyoffer a higher level of security than OTC identification documentsbecause they offer the ability to pre-print the core of the centralissue document with security features such as “micro-printing”,ultra-violet security features, security indicia and other featurescurrently unique to centrally issued identification documents. Anothersecurity advantage with centrally issued documents is that the securityfeatures and/or secured materials used to make those features arecentrally located, reducing the chances of loss, misappropriation ortheft (as compared to having secured materials dispersed over a widenumber of “on the spot” locations).

In addition, a CI assembling process can be more of a bulk processfacility, in which many cards are produced in a centralized facility,one after another. The CI facility may, for example, process thousandsof cards in a continuous manner. Because the processing occurs in bulk,CI can have an increase in efficiency as compared to some OTC processes,especially those OTC processes that run intermittently. Thus, CIprocesses can sometimes have a lower cost per ID document, if a largevolume of ID documents is manufactured.

In contrast to CI identification documents, over-the-counter (“OTC”)identification documents are issued immediately to a bearer who ispresent at a document-issuing station. An OTC assembling processprovides an ID document “on-the-spot.” (An illustrative example of anOTC assembling process is a Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) settingwhere a driver's license is issued to a person, on the spot, after asuccessful exam.). In some instances, the very nature of the OTCassembling process results in small, sometimes compact, printing andcard assemblers for printing the ID document.

In identification and security applications, it is often desirable toincrease the functionality of identification documents. Accordingly, oneaspect of the present invention may provide the look and/or feel ofconventional identification documents while providing smart cardfunctionality. In one implementation, we combine an image bearingidentification card with smart card functionality. We sometimes refer tothese types of documents as “smart identification documents.” In anotherimplementation, we “upgrade” an identification document that may havealready passed into circulation by providing a smart card module withina pre-circulated ID document.

Another aspect of the present invention involves modification of asynthetic paper core-based identification (ID) document to provide asmart card that includes integrated circuitry (e.g., a semiconductorchip and interface), laser, thermal transfer and/or offset printedimages (e.g., including photographic representations) and/or customized(or personalized) text and data.

(In this document, the use of the terms “identification document” and“ID document” is intended to include at least all types of ID documents.Note that, for the purposes of this disclosure, the terms “document,”“card,” “badge” and “documentation” are used interchangeably. Inaddition, ID documents are broadly defined herein and include (but arenot limited to), documents, magnetic disks, credit cards, bank cards,phone cards, passports, driver's licenses, network access cards,employee badges, debit cards, security cards, visas, immigrationdocumentation, national ID cards, citizenship cards, social securitycards and badges, certificates, identification cards or documents, voterregistration cards, police ID cards, border crossing cards, securityclearance badges and cards, gun permits, badges, gift certificates orcards, membership cards or badges, tags, CD's, consumer products, knobs,keyboards, electronic components, etc., or any other suitable items orarticles that may record information, images, and/or other data, whichmay be associated with a function and/or an object or other entity to beidentified.).

In addition, in this document, “identification” includes (but is notlimited to) information, decoration, and any other purpose for which anindicia can be placed upon an article in the article's raw, partiallyprepared, or final state. Also, instead of ID documents, our inventivetechniques can be employed with product tags, product packaging,business cards, bags, charts, maps, labels, etc., etc., particularlythose items including an laminate or over-laminate structure. The termID document thus is broadly defined herein to include these tags,labels, packaging, cards, etc.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a smartidentification document includes: a core layer including a first surfaceand a second surface; a first layer of a substantially transparentpolymer adjacently arranged on the first surface of the core layer; anaperture; and a module. The aperture includes a first section disposedin the first polymer layer, the first section including a ledge in thefirst polymer layer, and a second section disposed in at least the corelayer. The module includes electronic circuitry, wherein at least afirst portion of the module is adjacently arranged with the ledge, andat least a section portion of the module extends into at least some ofthe second section of the aperture.

According to still another aspect of the present invention, anidentification document includes a core layer including a front side anda back side; printed indicia formed on at least the front side of thecore layer; a first laminate layer secured with an adhesive to the backside of the core layer; a second laminate layer secured with an adhesiveto the front side of the core layer; a cavity disposed in the firstlaminate, the cavity extending through the first laminate layer,adhesive and into the core layer; and electronic circuitry disposed inthe cavity.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a manufacturing methodincludes the steps of: providing a first laminate and a second laminate,the first laminate comprising a front surface and a back surface, andthe second laminate comprising a front surface and a back surface;adjacently arranging an adhesive with the back surface of the firstlaminate; adjacently arranging an adhesive with the back surface of thesecond laminate; providing a core having a top surface and a bottomsurface; laminating the first laminate, adhesive, core, adhesive andsecond laminate to form a structure; machining a portion of thestructure; and providing an integrated circuitry module in the machinedportion of the structure, the integrated circuitry module providing atleast some smart card functionality.

Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a milling toolfor milling a polymer and a synthetic paper structure to receive a smartcard module. The tool includes: a fluted shaft having a first sectionand a second section; a first cutting edge having a first bevel disposedon the first section; a second cutting edge having a second beveldisposed on the second section, the first and second cutting edgesforming a first axis; and wherein a non-cutting end of the first beveland a non-cutting end the second bevel form a second axis which isrotated at a first angle in a range of 15-60 degrees from the firstaxis.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofmilling a cavity in an identification document to receive a smart cardmodule. The identification document includes at least a laminatelayer—document core structure. The method includes providing a first cutin the laminate layer to create a rough upper cavity, the rough uppercavity including a first aperture; providing a second cut to create alower cavity, the lower cavity extending through the laminate layer intothe document core, the lower cavity and the rough upper cavity beingapproximately centered around a common axis, wherein the aperture of thelower cavity is relatively smaller than the aperture of the rough uppercavity resulting in a shelf in the laminate layer; and providing a thirdcut around the rough upper cavity to create a finished upper cavity, thefinished upper cavity having an aperture which is larger than theaperture of the rough upper cavity, the finished upper cavity beingapproximately centered around the common axis.

Still another aspect of the present invention includes an identificationdocument including: a first PET (polyethylene terephthalate) filmincluding a top surface and a bottom surface; a second PET filmincluding a top surface and a bottom surface; an image-receiving layerprovided on the first PET film top surface; and an adhesive layer incontact with the first PET film bottom surface and the second PET filmtop surface, the adhesive serving to secure the first PET film and thesecond PET film to one another.

Still another aspect of the present invention provides a method ofmaking a contactless smart identification document. The method includes:providing a carrier layer including at least an antenna and electroniccircuitry, wherein the carrier comprises at least one permeable area;arranging the carrier layer between a first contact layer and a secondcontact layer, and then securing the first contact layer and secondcontact layer to the carrier layer through at least one of heat andpressure so that at least a portion of one of the first contact layerand the second contact layer migrates into the carrier layer at the onepermeable area; and providing first and second laminate layers over atleast the first and second contact layers, respectively.

Further aspects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome even more apparent with reference the following detaileddescription and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an identification document includinga document core.

FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 document including acavity provided therein to receive a smart card module (e.g., acontact-type smart card module).

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 2A document includingadhesive provided on a layer shelf.

FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 2A document including asmart card module provided in the cavity.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating steps to manufacture, e.g., acontact-type smart identification document according to one aspect ofthe present invention.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 document including anupper cavity provided in a laminate layer.

FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 4A document including alower cavity extending into a core layer.

FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 4B document including afinish cut of the upper cavity.

FIGS. 5A-5F are diagrams illustrating a milling tool according to oneaspect of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a contactless smart identificationdocument according to one implementation.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another implementation of acontactless smart identification document.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of still another implementation of acontactless smart identification document.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of yet another implementation of acontactless smart identification document.

FIG. 10 is a top view of a contactless smart identification document'scarrier layer including an antenna and integrated circuitry according toone aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a contactless smart identificationdocument according to another implementation of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 11 contactless smartidentification document including over-laminates.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a finished over-the-counteridentification document (conventional art).

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a PET-based identification documentaccording to one implementation.

FIG. 15 is cross-sectional view of another PET-based document accordingto still another implementation.

Of course, the drawings are not necessarily presented to scale, withemphasis rather being placed upon illustrating the principles of theinvention. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate likeelements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The Detailed Description is divided into three sections for the reader'sconvenience (e.g., “Contact Smart Cards Including a Document Core,”“Contactless Smart Cards Including Multi-layered Structure,” and“Manufacture of PET-Based Identification Document”). It should beappreciated, however, that elements and functionality disclosed in onesection can be readily combined with elements and functionality found inanother section. Therefore, the section headings should not beinterpreted as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Section 1: Contact Smart Cards Including a Document Core

For purposes of illustration, the following section will generallyproceed with reference to contact-type smart cards (which are sometimesinterchangeably referred to as a “contact smart ID document” or a “smartID document”). A preferred contact-type smart ID document includes amulti-layered ID document including a document core and fused or securedpolymer laminates. The multi-layered ID document is provided withintegrated circuitry to facilitate processing and/or memory storage. Itshould be appreciated, however, that the present invention is not solimited. Indeed, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, theinventive techniques can be applied to many other structures formed inmany different ways. For example, contactless smart card modules can besuitably packaged, with such packages being disposed in a cavity createdin a multi-layered document structure.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an identification document 1according to one aspect of the present invention. The identification(ID) document 1 is used as the foundation for a smart ID document. TheID document 1 preferably includes a core 10, and a generally transparentlaminate 12. The ID document will typically include a second laminatelayer 14. Adhesive 11 and 13 is preferably used to help adhere thelaminate layers 12 and 14 to the core 10. (Instead of separate adhesivelayers 11 and 13, the laminate 12 may be coated with an adhesive or mayinclude adhesive materials.) If indicia (e.g., printed text, images,machine readable code, etc.) is provided on the core or laminatesurface(s), the adhesive 11 and 13 is preferably transparent. A laminatestructure can be cut to meet the dimensions specified for a particularidentification document, if needed.

Indicia (interchangeably used with “information”) can be provided (e.g.,screen printed, offset printed, gravure printed, thermal transferred,provided via ink or laser jet printing, laser engraved, etc.) on thefront and/or back surface of the core 10 or laminate 14/adhesive 13prior to lamination. For example, the information may include variableinformation, which is information that is unique to a cardholder (e.g.,name, birth date, age, sex, weight, address, biometric information,photograph, and/or signature, etc.). The information may also includeso-called “fixed” information. Fixed information is generally thought ofas that information which remains constant from card to card, such asissuing agency information, seal, and/or some types of security designs,etc. Additional information, e.g., optical variable devices, can beprovided on the core 10, adhesive 11 and 13, or laminate layers 12 and14. (Reference may be had to assignee's U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/969,200, filed Oct. 2, 2001, for even further information regardingoptical variable inks and devices. This application is hereinincorporated by reference.). Other security features that may beoptionally presented on the smart identification document include, e.g.,ghost images, microprinting, ultraviolet or infrared images, biometricinformation, etc. We can optionally provide a print receiver (e.g., animage-receiving layer) to help a core or laminate layer better receiveprinted or transferred information. (For example, see the D2T2 receiversdiscussed in the present patent document and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,594,which patent is herein incorporated by reference.).

Printed or engraved information may optionally include a so-calleddigital watermark. Digital watermarking is a process for modifyingphysical or electronic media to embed machine-readable indicia (or code)into the media. The media may be modified such that the embedded code isimperceptible or nearly imperceptible to the user, yet may be detectedthrough an automated detection process. In some embodiments, the printedor engraved information identification document includes two or moredigital watermarks. In other embodiments, a digital watermark is“fragile” in that it is designed to degrade or be lost upon copyingand/or reproducing.

Digital watermarking systems typically have two primary components: anencoder that embeds the digital watermark in host media, and a decoderthat detects and reads the embedded digital watermark from a signalsuspected of containing a digital watermark. The encoder embeds adigital watermark by altering the host media signal. (E.g., the encodercan make slight alterations to a graphic, background pattern orphotograph that is to be printed on an identification document. Thealterations may be to pixel values, DCT coefficients corresponding tothe host media signal, transform domain representations of the hostmedia signals, etc., etc.). The reading component analyzes a suspectsignal to detect whether a digital watermark is present. In applicationswhere the digital watermark encodes information (e.g., as a payload ormessage bits), the reader extracts this information from the detecteddigital watermark. The reading component can be hosted on a wide varietyof tethered or wireless reader devices, from conventional PC-connectedcameras and computers to fully mobile readers with built-in displays,etc. By imaging a watermarked surface of an identification document, thewatermark information can be read and decoded by a reader.

Several particular digital watermarking techniques have been developed.The reader is presumed to be familiar with the literature in this field.Some techniques for embedding and detecting imperceptible watermarks inmedia signals are detailed in the assignee's co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/503,881, U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,403 and PCT patentapplication PCT/US02/20832, which are each herein incorporated byreference.

(Material types are now provided by way of example only. Of course,there are many other materials that may be suitably interchanged withsome aspects of the present invention. Returning to FIG. 1, the core 10material can include a synthetic such as TESLIN, other syntheticmaterials, polymer, composite, and/or polyolefin, etc. TESLIN is asynthetic paper sold by PPG Industries, Inc., One PPG Place, Pittsburgh,Pa. 15272 USA. TESLIN can be provided in sheets, with multiple corestaken from each TESLIN sheet. The laminate (sometimes called an “overlaminate”) may include (but is not limited to) film and sheet products.Laminates usable with at least some embodiments of the invention includethose which contain substantially transparent polymers and/orsubstantially transparent adhesives, or which have substantiallytransparent polymers and/or substantially transparent adhesives as apart of their structure, e.g., as an extruded feature. In some of theembodiments of the present invention, the term “laminate” may includeboth the laminate and adhesive layers (e.g., layers 12 and 11), e.g., inFIGS. 1-2C. Examples of usable laminates include at least polyester,polycarbonate, polystyrene, cellulose ester, polyolefin, polysulfone, orpolyamide, etc. Laminates can be made using either an amorphous orbiaxially oriented polymer as well. A laminate can comprise a pluralityof separate laminate layers, for example a boundary layer and/or a filmlayer. Our most preferred laminate, however, is a polycarbonate. Variouslamination processes are disclosed in assignee's U.S. Pat. Nos.5,783,024, 6,007,660, 6066594, and 6,159,327. Other lamination processesare disclosed, e.g., in U.S. patent Nos. 6,283,188 and 6,003,581. Eachof these U.S. Patents is herein incorporated by reference.)

(The degree of transparency of a laminate can, for example, be dictatedby the information contained on the core layer, the particular colorsand/or security features used, etc. The thickness of the laminate layersis not critical, although in some embodiments it may be preferred thatthe thickness of a laminate layer be about 1-20 mils (where 1 mil isabout 25 μm). Lamination of any laminate layer(s) to any other layer ofmaterial (e.g., a core layer) can be accomplished using a conventionallamination process, and such processes are well known to those skilledin the production of articles such as identification documents. Ofcourse, the types and structures of the laminates described herein areprovided only by way of example, those skilled in the art willappreciated that many different types of laminates are usable inaccordance with the invention. The material(s) from which a laminate ismade may be transparent, but need not be. Laminates also includessecurity laminates, such as a transparent laminate material withproprietary security technology features and processes, which protectsdocuments of value from counterfeiting, data alteration, photosubstitution, duplication (including color photocopying), and simulationby use of materials and technologies that are commonly available.Laminates also can include thermosetting materials, such as epoxy.).Suitable laminate materials can be readily obtained, e.g., from GEPlastics, headquartered in Pittsfield, Mass. USA. Laminates can be evenprovided in roll form, e.g., 1000 ft/roll (e.g., about 21 cards/ft).)

(One adhesive material (e.g., layers 11 and 13 in FIG. 1) can include,e.g., KRTY as provided by Transilwrap, headquartered in Franklin Park,Ill. 60131 USA. The adhesive may also be provided as a laminate layer orcoated onto the laminate or laminate rolls. Other adhesives usable inaccordance with some embodiments of the invention include polyester,polyester urethane, polyether urethane, polyolefin, and/or hot melt orultraviolet or thermally cured adhesive, thermoplastics, etc. Themulti-layered structure is formed during a lamination process, in whichadjustments to the processing time, temperature and pressure can bevaried to optimize lamination.)

Dimensions of an ID document will vary according to specified designrequirements. For example, applicable International Organization forStandardization (ISO) specifications for identification documents mayspecify required dimensions. Within specified dimensions there is somedimension play. In one implementation, we provide a core including a4-20 mil depth, adhesives with a 2-7 mil depth, and laminate layersranging from 3-15 mils. Our most preferred implementation provides a 12mil back laminate, a 2 mil back adhesive, a 12 mil core, a 2 mil frontadhesive and a 5 mil front laminate.

In some implementations we provide a matte finish on a top surface ofthe back laminate layer. The matte finish helps to feed the laminatelayer if provided in roll form. The matte finish may also provide atactile security feature, as an inspector can feel the texture of thecard (e.g., a matted finish) to determine if the card is legitimate.

With reference to FIG. 2A, a cavity or well 20 is provided (e.g.,machined, milled, cut or laser etched, etc.) in the FIG. 1 ID document1. We interchangeably use the terms “cavity” and “well” in thisdocument. The well 20 provides a housing or receptacle for a smart cardintegrated circuit module (hereafter sometimes referred to a “module” oras “smart card module”). The shape and dimensions of the well 20 willvary according to the shape and dimensions of a selected smart cardmodule that is to be inserted into the well 20. For discussion purposeswe have chosen to illustrate the present invention with respect to theHitachi AE 45C smart card chip module, as provided by Hitachi, locatedin Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK, and which provides 32K bytes of memory. Amulti-application chip operating system, e.g., MULTOS or any othersuitable chip operating system, can be used to control the operation ofthe smart card module. MULTOS can be obtained, e.g., through Moasco, Ltdin London, England. (We note that dimensions of the Hitachi AE 45Cmodule are analogous to the Atmel 1608 Module, which, like other smartcard modules, can be suitably interchanged with the Hitachi AE 45Cmodule.). Our chip selection will naturally dictate some of the shapesand dimensions discussed below. It should be appreciated, however, thatthe present invention is not so limited. Indeed, some aspects of thepresent invention anticipate the cooperation with may different smartcard modules, and corresponding cavity 20 shapes and depths. Forexample, in one implementation, instead of the rectangular shaped cavity20 as illustrated in FIG. 2A, we provide an oval shaped cavity. The ovalshaped cavity cooperates, e.g., with an oval shaped smart card module(e.g., Atmel's model no. AT88SC1608-090T-00—headquartered in San Jose,Calif. USA). Of course there are many other cavity and module shapes andsizes that will fall within the scope of the present invention.

Returning to FIG. 2A, cavity 20 may include an upper chamber (or cavity)20 a and a lower chamber (or cavity) 20 b. The depth D of the upperchamber 20 a is generally dependent on a corresponding depth of thesmart card module. We have found that it is generally preferable to seatthe smart card module in the cavity 20 so that the module's interface isabout flush with the outer surface of laminate 12, although the module'scontact interface can slightly protrude above (or below) the laminate 12surface. This seating arrangement helps to prevent the smart card modulefrom catching on objects, which may undesirably unseat the module fromthe cavity 20. The upper chamber 20 a, which is adjacently arranged tothe lower chamber 20 b, preferably includes a relatively larger aperturethan that of the lower chamber 20 b. The aperture differences betweenthe lower cavity 20 b and the upper cavity 20 a result in a shelf 22. Wehave found that it is preferable (but not required) to provide the shelf22 in the laminate layer 12, while allowing sufficient laminate shelfdepth d, since a smart card module's adhesion (e.g., via adhesive) tothe laminate layer 12 is generally superior than a module's adhesion(e.g., via adhesive) to adhesive layer 11 or core layer 10. If the depthd is too small, the shelf 22 may pull up and away from the adhesive 11and/or core 10 layers. In some cases we have found that too small of adepth d results in the shelf 22 and adhesive 11 together pulling up andaway from the core 10. The depth d in our most preferred implementationis about 2 mils. Of course this preferred depth d may vary as structurelayer depths or module dimensions vary.

If using the ID document 1 as shown in FIG. 1, the lower cavity 20 bpreferably extends through, e.g., the laminate 12 and adhesive 10, andinto the core 10. A depth D+ of the lower cavity 20 b is generallydependent on the vertical depth of the smart card module. While notnecessary to practice the present invention, we can provide enough depthD+ so that the bottom of the smart card module will “float” in the wellor otherwise not contact the bottom B of the well 20 when the ID card isat rest (see FIG. 2C). This floating arrangement provides somewhat of acushion for the smart card module—allowing the card to flex withoutcausing undue stress on the bottom of the smart card module. (We notethat some thought should be given to the depth D+ of a well, since ifthe well is too deep, a card assembler risks having the bottom surfaceof the smart card module show through the remaining core depth—resultingin unwanted discoloration when viewed from the front of the card.) Inour most preferred implementation, the D+ depth extends about 10 milsinto the core layer. (Of course, this depth can be altered according tolayer dimensions and smart card module used, etc.). In otherimplementations, the bottom and/or sides of a smart card module contactthe bottom B and/or or sides, respectively, of the well 20, perhapsthrough an adhesive.

We preferably provide an adhesive to help secure a smart card module 26in the cavity 20. There are several options for providing adhesive. Withreference to FIG. 2B, we can provide an adhesive 24 directly onto shelf22, e.g., through injection or spot adhesives. Alternatively, the smartcard module can be coated with an adhesive on a side that is to beadjacently positioned with shelf 22. (We note that a smart ID documentmanufacturing method can be automated. In such cases, the smart cardmodules can be provided in roll form, e.g., one reel including about7,500 chips. Adhesive (e.g., cyanoacrylate epoxy from Henkel of America,in Gulph Mills, Pa. USA) or a roll of glue tape (e.g., Tesa HAF 8410 HSor Tesa BDF 8410 from Tesa Tape, Inc. in Charlotte, N.C. USA) can beapplied to the bottom side of the chip roll. Assembling machinesprovided by, e.g., Muhlbauer, headquartered in Roding, Germany, can beused for final assembly. Such an automated process may proceed byprinting a card, laminating, cutting and verifying dimensions andprinted information, and then milling, implanting a smart card moduleand then encoding or initializing the smart card module. Testing can beperformed to detect a bad smart card module, etc.). In an implementationwithout shelf 22, we coat the sides and/or bottom of a smart card modulewith adhesive, and/or provide adhesive to a cavity and then insert themodule.

A smart ID document results once the integrated circuitry module issecured in a cavity of an ID document (FIG. 2C). A smart card module canbe optionally programmed to store relevant information such asinformation printed on the document, biometric information, accountinformation, cryptographic hashes or other algorithmic representation ofdata, passwords, etc. One programmer example is a computerized smartcard Personalizer, e.g., as provided by Muhlbauer of Germany, whichenters commands or data into the smart card module. Other programmersare provided, e.g., from Hitachi and Atmel, among many others.Information stored in the smart card circuitry is optionallycross-correlated with information printed on the smart card. Thiscross-correlation can be checked to verify authenticity of the documentor stored information. Or if a digital watermark is provided on thedocument, a watermark payload can be cross-correlated with informationstored in the smart card's memory circuitry. A cross-correlation of thewatermark information and the module's stored information can beanalyzed to determine authenticity of the identification document.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps to manufacture a contactsmart card according to one implementation. A document core or substrateis provided (step S30). The document substrate (or sometimes alaminate/adhesive layer) is printed (step S32), e.g., to includepersonalized or variable information. If printing on an inner laminateor adhesive layer, the printing may be reversed so it appears properlyoriented when viewed from the outer surface of the laminate or adhesivelayer. The printing may also include security patterns and designs,digital watermarks, and may also include optical variable devices, suchas those provided with optical variable ink. A photograph may beincluded in the variable information. Printing options are widespreadand may include, e.g., offset printing, screen printing, laser or inkjet printing, laser engraving, thermal transfer, etc. An image receivinglayer can also be used, e.g., to better facilitate the reception of theinformation. The printed substrate is preferably laminated (step 34).The lamination process may involve adhesives or adhesive layers, but thepresent invention is not so limited. The laminate structure optionallymay be cut to desired specifications (step not shown), if needed. Acavity or well is provided in the laminated, printed core (step S36).The cavity can be machined, milled, drilled, cut, etched (laser orchemical), etc. The cavity is preferably sized to accommodate acorresponding smart card module. In some implementations, the cavityextends into the core. The corresponding smart card module is secured inthe cavity (step S38). While this method is anticipated to be mostsuited for contact-type smart card, we anticipate that somecontactless-type smart card modules can be packaged such that they mayalso be provided in a cavity, e.g., as created with reference to FIGS.2A-3.

Milling Operation (Example)

FIGS. 4A-4C are cross sectional diagrams illustrating the methodologybehind one milling implementation of the present invention. A cavity ismilled to receive a smart card module. We note that the illustratedmethod is but one of many methods that can be used to mill or machineout a cavity in an ID document.

We start our milling discussion by returning to FIG. 1. FIG. 1illustrates a multi-layered identification document including a core andlaminates. We realized that the material used for the laminate (e.g.,polycarbonates) and core (e.g., a synthetic like TESLIN) was susceptibleto tearing or leaving burrs when cut. The illustrated milling technique(FIGS. 4A-4C) optimizes a milling operation to eliminate burrs in themulti-material cavity so that a smart card module can be securelymounted therein.

A milling (or machining or etching) tool contacts the back laminate 12and machines a rough upper cavity 20 a (see “Rough Cut” represented withdotted lines in FIG. 4A). The machining tool then (preferably afterre-centering or realigning according to a reference or start position,or common axis) contacts the laminate at the bottom of the rough uppercavity to machine out the lower cavity 20 b (see FIG. 4B). We then passthe machining tool back through the upper cavity (preferably afterre-centering or realigning according to a reference or start position,or common axis) to shave or finish the upper cavity (see FIG. 4C). FIG.4C illustrate the finish cut in relation to the original rough cut(dotted lines). An advantage of the finish pass is to clean up any roughedges or burrs left from the rough cut. The finish pass can be subtle,e.g., slightly expanding the upper cavity 20 a while cleaning up debrisand rough edges. (In our preferred implementation, the finish passcomprises about a 0.001 mil cut.) Table 1, below, illustrates softwarecode that can be used to automate such a milling process. The code iswritten so as to operate a Muhlbauer cutting station, e.g., through auser interface (e.g., a text editor or graphical user interface) such asprovided by Galil Motion Control, Inc. (Muhlbauer is headquartered inRoding, Germany, while Galil Motion Control, Inc. is headquartered inRocklin, Calif. USA.). Of course, the dimensions and instructions asillustrated in the Table 1 software code can be changed according toneed, card dimensions, module dimensions, card materials used, cuttingstation and interface, etc. TABLE 1 #F30 ! Program Name ! CRADIUS =1.8POSX=15.1 !Defines center position for cavity on card ! POSY=23.89POSZ=0.0 JS #MOVXYZ POSZ=0.18 ! Surface ruff cut - LEAVE .0015″ FORFinish cut! POS1Z=0.18 LENGTHX=12.9 ! LEAVE about .010″ FOR CLEAN-UP !WIDTHY=11.6 !  ″      ″ ! RADIUS=2.3 JS#RECT !   Milling Instruction !PR, −6000 ! Re-center over cavity ! BGY AMY POSZ=0.47 ! Lower Cavityfinal cut ! POS1Z=0.47 LENGTHX=8.4 WIDTHY=8.7 RADIUS=1.8 JS #RECT! Milling Instruction  ! PR ,−5000 !  Re-center for finish cut ! BGY AMYPOSZ=0.21 ! Finish Cut   ! POS1Z=0.21 LENGTH=13.4 WIDTHY=12.1         !RADIUS=2.3 JS #RECT ! Milling Instruction   ! POSX=15.1 ! Return Tool toa home position POSY=23.89 POSZ=0.0 JS #WAITPOS END

In an alternative implementation, we make a rough cut for the lowercavity 20 b, and then follow-up with finish cut for the lower cavity 20b. In other implementations, we make one cut for the upper cavity 20 a,and one cut for the lower cavity 20 b. In still further implementations,we provide a first cavity including the lower cavity 20 b, and thenexpand the first cavity to include the final upper cavity 20 a. Debriscan be evacuated from the cavity 20 through pressurized air orvacuuming, etc.

Milling Tool (Example)

FIG. 5A-5D are diagrams of a milling tool that can be used to mill acavity in an ID document. It should be appreciated that this is but oneof many tools that can be used to provide a cavity in an identificationdocument. In some cases, a laser or chemical process is used to create acavity. In other implementations, conventional tools or cutters are usedto machine or cut a cavity in an identification document. It will alsobe appreciated that while specific dimensions (in millimeters) areprovided in the FIG. 5 representations, the present invention is not solimited. Indeed the dimensions can be changed in many respects withoutdeviating from the scope of this aspect of the present invention.

With reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the cutting tool 50 preferablyincludes a shaft 51 having a first 52 and second 54 section. The shaft51 can be fluted as shown in the figures. The first section 52 includesa first cutting edge 52 a and the second section 54 includes a secondcutting edge 54 a. Each of the cutting edges 52 a and 54 a can beoff-centered (see OC1 and OC2 in FIG. 5A). Off-centering the cuttingedges helps to provide an aggressive cutting tool, e.g., by increasingthe tool's angle of attack (e.g., the angle at which a cutting edgeencounters material to cut). A face (or surface) of each of the firstand second cutting edges 52 a and 54 a is preferably beveled or tapered.The taper helps to ensure that the cutting edge is optimally presentedto the document material. While the FIG. 5 representations may suggest a15-degree bevel, we anticipate acceptable cuts with a tool including abevel in a range of about 5-35 degrees. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, arelief 56 can be provided for each of the cutting edges. The relief isanother mechanism to help present the cutting edge to the material in afavorable manner. While the figures suggest a 45-degree relief, weanticipate that a relief in the range of about 30-60 degrees willprovide acceptable results.

One advantage of this type of tool is that its configuration allows fora carving type cutting motion, in comparison to conventional tools thatprovide more of a scrapping or tearing motion. A carving motion allowsfor a clean cut, e.g., for shelf 22. A clean shelf allows for a betterbonding surface with an adhesive.

Other features and advantages of this cutting tool are readilydiscernable from further examination of the drawings, including FIGS.5C-5F.

Inventive Combinations

In addition to the inventive aspects detailed above and in the claims,some of the inventive combinations with respect to (e.g., contact-type)smart ID documents include the following:

A. An identification document comprising:

a core layer including a front side and a back side;

printed indicia formed on at least the front side of the core layer;

a first laminate layer secured with an adhesive to the back side of thecore layer;

a second laminate layer secured with an adhesive to the front side ofthe core layer;

a cavity disposed in the first laminate, the cavity extending throughthe first laminate layer, adhesive and into the core layer; and

electronic circuitry disposed in the cavity.

A1. The identification document of combination A wherein the cavitycomprises an upper cavity and a lower cavity, an aperture of the uppercavity being relatively larger than an aperture of the lower cavity soas to result in a shelf, wherein the electronic circuitry is packagedand a portion of the package is adjacently arranged on the shelf.

A2. The identification document of combination A1, wherein a portion ofthe package floats in the lower cavity.

A3. The identification document of combination A1, wherein the lowercavity includes a floor in the core layer, and wherein a portion of thepackage extends into the lower cavity but does not contact the floorwhen the identification document is at rest.

B. A manufacturing method comprising the steps of:

providing a first laminate and a second laminate, the first laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface, and the second laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface;

adjacently arranging an adhesive with the back surface of the firstlaminate;

adjacently arranging an adhesive with the back surface of the secondlaminate;

providing a core having top surface and a bottom surface;

laminating the first laminate, adhesive, core, adhesive and secondlaminate to form a structure;

machining a portion of the structure; and

providing an integrated circuitry module in the machined portion of thestructure, the integrated circuitry module providing at least some smartcard functionality.

B1. The method of combination B, further comprising a step of printingthe core prior to said laminating step.

B2. The method of combination B1, wherein the printing comprises atleast one of a photograph, name, birth date, social security number,signature and identification number.

B3. The method of combination B1, wherein the printing comprises atleast one of: offset inks, process inks, thermal transfer, laserxerography and laser printer toners.

B4. The method of combination B1, further comprising the step of cuttingthe structure into the shape of an identification card.

B5. The method of combination B, wherein the core comprises a sheet ofTESLIN.

B6. The method of combination B, wherein the at least some smart cardfunctionality comprises at least one of data carrier, data manipulation,access control, identification verification, biometric carrier and dataprocessing.

B7. The method of combination B1, wherein the printing comprisessteganographic indicia.

B8. The method of combination B7, wherein the steganographic indiciacomprises a digital watermark.

B9. The method of combination B8, wherein the digital watermarkcomprises a fragile watermark.

B10. The method of combination B8, wherein the integrated circuitrymodule comprises information stored therein, and wherein the informationcorresponds to the digital watermark for cross-correlation.

B11. An identification document made according to any one of thecombinations set forth in B-B10.

C. A manufacturing method comprising the steps of:

providing a first laminate and a second laminate, the first laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface, and the second laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface;

providing a core having top surface and a bottom surface;

laminating the first laminate, second laminate and core to form astructure, the structure comprising the back surface of the firstlaminate in contact with the top surface of the core and the backsurface of the second laminate in contact with the bottom surface of thecore;

milling a cavity through the first laminate and into the core foraffixing an integrated circuitry module; and

providing an integrated circuitry module in the cavity, the integratedcircuitry module providing at least some smart card functionality.

C1. The method of combination C, further comprising the step of printingthe core or second laminate prior to said laminating step.

C2. The method of combination C, wherein the core comprises asilica-filled polyolefin.

C3. The method of combination C, wherein the core comprises a syntheticpaper.

C4. The method of combination C, wherein each of the first laminate andsecond laminate comprise an adhesive layer, the adhesive layers beingarranged between the first laminate and the core and second laminate andthe core, respectively.

C5. The method of combination C4, wherein the adhesive comprises athermoplastic adhesive.

C6. The method of combination C, wherein at least one of the firstlaminate and the second laminate comprises a security feature.

C7. An identification document made according to combination C.

C8. An identification document made according to combination C4.

C9. The method of combination C, wherein said milling step creates ashelf in the first laminate layer, and wherein said providing anintegrated circuitry module in the cavity step provides the module to beadjacently arranged on the shelf.

C10. The method of combination C9, wherein at least a portion of themodule extends into the core layer.

C11. The method of combination C10, wherein the module portion thatextends into the core layer does not extend to a bottom of the cavity.

D. A manufacturing method comprising the steps of:

providing a first laminate and a second laminate, the first laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface, and the second laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface;

coating the back surface of the first laminate with adhesive;

coating the back surface of the second laminate with adhesive;

providing a core having top surface and a bottom surface;

laminating the first laminate, second laminate and core to form astructure, the structure comprising the adhesively coated back surfaceof the first laminate in contact with the top surface of the core andthe adhesively coated back surface of the second laminate in contactwith the bottom surface of the core;

machining a portion of the structure; and

providing an integrated circuitry module in the machined portion of thestructure, the integrated circuitry module providing at least some smartcard functionality.

D1. A document made according to the method of combination D.

E. A manufacturing method comprising the steps of:

providing a first laminate and a second laminate, the first laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface, and the second laminatecomprising a front surface and a back surface;

providing a core having top surface and a bottom surface;

laminating the first laminate, second laminate and core to form astructure, the structure comprising the back surface of the firstlaminate in contact with the top surface of the core and the backsurface of the second laminate in contact with the bottom surface of thecore; and

providing an integrated circuitry module in the structure, theintegrated circuitry module providing at least some smart cardfunctionality.

E1. A document made according to the method of combination E.

F. A method of milling a cavity in an identification document to receivea smart card module, the identification document comprising at least alaminate layer—document core sandwich structure, said method comprising:

providing a first cut in the laminate layer to create a rough uppercavity, the rough upper cavity including a first aperture;

providing a second cut to create a lower cavity, the lower cavityextending through the laminate layer into the document core, the lowercavity and the rough upper cavity being approximately centered around acommon axis, wherein the aperture of the lower cavity is relativelysmaller than the aperture of the rough upper cavity resulting in a shelfin the laminate layer; and

providing a third cut around the rough upper cavity to create a finishedupper cavity, the finished upper cavity having an aperture which islarger than the aperture of the rough upper cavity, the finished uppercavity being approximately centered on the common axis.

F1. The method of combination F, wherein the laminate layer comprises anadhesive, so that the sandwich structure comprises alaminate—adhesive—document core structure.

F2. The method of combination F1, wherein the shelf is provided inlaminate.

F3. The method of combination F2, wherein the document comprisesdocument-holder specific printing thereon.

F4. The method of combination F, wherein the laminate layer comprises apolymer and the document core comprises a synthetic paper.

F5. The method of combination F4, wherein the synthetic paper comprisesTESLIN.

F6. An identification document made according to any one of the methodsset forth in combinations F-F5.

G. A contact smart card comprising:

a core layer including a top surface and a back surface;

a first laminate layer adjacently secured to the top surface core layer;

a second laminate layer adjacently secured to back surface of the corelayer;

printed indicia provided either on the top surface of the core layer oron a surface of the first laminate layer that is to be secured to thetop surface of the core, the indicia comprising at least someinformation that is unique to a bearer of the contact smart card;

a well disposed in at least the second laminate layer; and

an integrated circuitry module provided in the well, the moduleincluding a contact surface.

G1. The contact smart card of combination G, wherein the well includes ashelf in the laminate layer and the well extends into the core layer,and wherein at least a first portion of the module is adjacentlyarranged on the shelf and a second portion of the module extends intothe core layer.

G2. The contact smart card of combination G wherein the informationcomprises a photographic representation of the bearer.

H. A milling tool for milling a polymer and a synthetic paper structurefor receiving a smart card module comprising:

a fluted shaft having a first section and a second section;

a first cutting edge having a first bevel disposed on the first section;

a second cutting edge having a second bevel disposed on the secondsection, the first and second cutting edges forming a first axis; and

wherein a non-cutting end of the first bevel and a non-cutting end thesecond bevel form a second axis which is rotated at a first angle in arange of 15-60 degrees from the first axis.

H1. The milling tool of combination H, wherein the first bevel istapered in a range of 5 and 45 degrees.

H2. The milling tool of combination H, wherein the first bevel istapered at an angle of 15 degrees.

H3. The milling tool of combination H, wherein the second bevel istapered in a range of 5 and 45 degrees.

H4. The milling tool of combination H3, wherein the second bevel istapered at an angle of 15 degrees.

H5. The milling tool of combination H3 wherein the first angle comprises45 degrees.

Section 2: Contactless Smart Cards including Multi-layered Structure

The following section primarily focuses on contactless smart cards.However, it should be appreciated that our inventive techniques can beextended to include contact smart card and other identificationdocuments as well. A contactless smart card can be generalized as a cardincluding integrated electronic circuitry. Unlike a contact-type smartcard, where the integrated electronic circuitry communicates via aphysical contact interface, a contactless smart card communicates (e.g.,transfers/receives) data via an antenna or transceiver structure. Theantenna (or transceiver) is connected to the integrated circuitry. Acontactless smart card may include an internal power source to energizeits electronic circuitry. Alternatively, the integrated circuitry can beenergized through electromagnetic energy received through the antenna(or other transceiver structure). The integrated circuitry can includedata processing circuitry for processing or manipulating data orsoftware instructions, and/or memory circuitry for data storage. (Ofcourse, the circuitry can include other components such as a clockgenerator, system bus structure, and buffers, etc., etc.).

Some contactless smart cards have heretofore been affiliated with theirfair share of problems. One problem is protecting a contact between theantenna and the integrated circuitry. Communication ability of acontactless smart card will be lost or hampered if the contact betweenan antenna and circuitry is severed. Protecting this connection becomesa chore, since smart cards are often subjected to onerous stresses andflexing. An associated problem with conventional smart cards islongevity. We have found that conventional contactless smart cardscrack, degrade, and/or fail to operate as anticipated. We overcome someor all of these drawbacks in one implementation of an inventivecontactless smart card.

Another implementation of contactless smart cards combines a contactlesssmart card with the benefits of an identification document. Someidentification document benefits may include (but are not limited to):photographic representations, personalized information, securityindicia, over-laminate layers, etc., etc.

In another implementation of a contactless smart card, we provide amulti-layered card structure that provides the benefits of a smart cardwith the durability and flexibility of a multi-layer structure.Multi-layers may also provide protection from unwanted radiation, e.g.,ultraviolet radiation, which may interfere with contactlesscommunication.

In yet another implementation of a contactless smart card, we employ acentral issue (CI) type issuing model when producing inventivecontactless smart cards. A central issue model allows us to tightlycontrol the materials and processing of contactless smart cards.

These and further features, implementations and advantages of ourcontactless smart cards (or “contactless smart ID documents”) willbecome even more evident with reference to the following disclosure andcorresponding figures.

One implementation of a multi-layer contactless smart card 60 (or smartID document) is disclosed with reference to FIG. 6. A carrier layer 61is provided. The carrier layer 61 carries or includes a contactlesssmart card module, such as an antenna 100 (or transceiver, etc.), andelectronic circuitry 102 (see FIG. 10). The circuitry 102 may includeprocessing and memory circuitry (e.g., 2K-256K bytes, etc.). In somecases a chip operating system is employed with the integrated circuitry102. The antenna communicates with the circuitry 102 through aninterface or contact 104. (Note that there may be more or less contactsas shown in FIG. 10.). Of course, the antenna 100 can include aplurality of receiving elements (e.g., loops or coils, copper wiring,etc.).

The carrier 61 is sandwiched between contact layers 62 a and 62 b.Contact layers 62 a and 62 b may include, e.g., a polymer, synthetic,composite, etc., and can include a layered structure such as apolymer-adhesive layering. The carrier layer 61 is preferably permeable,e.g., like a mesh or scrim. The carrier layer 61 material can becomposed of many different materials including, e.g., polymers, PET(polyethylene terephthalate), PET fibers, polycarbonate, polyester,poly-composite, polystyrene, cellulose ester, polyolefin, polysulfone,poly-bends, composites, etc., etc. One suitable scrim material thatincludes contactless smart card circuitry and transceiver means isprovided by Hitachi Semiconductor (America), Inc., with US headquartersin San Jose, Calif. (For example, Hitachi can provide a scrim inlay, insheet sizes of about 15¾″×24″, including 6-by-6 wired antennas andcorresponding integrated circuits, each antenna/circuit/carrier layerhave a dimension of about 45 mm×77 mm. When using scrim sheets, and/orwhen aligning individual antenna/circuitry, some care should be given toensure proper alignment of the carrier layer 61 (e.g., including theantenna/circuitry) when considering cutting (e.g., die cutting),preprint information and/or personalization of a contactless smartidentification document. If using a mesh material, we have foundexcellent results when using a mesh weight-per-area ratio in a range ofabout 5 grams/m²-20 grams/m². Our most preferred mesh includes a ratioof about 10 grams/m². In some implementations the antenna 100 andintegrated circuitry 102 are positioned or embedded between two sheetsof carrier (e.g., scrim or mesh) material. Of course, there are manyother acceptable carrier layers and/or contactless smart card modulesthat are suitably interchangeable with this aspect of the presentinvention such as those provided by Philips and Sony, among many others.

A permeable carrier 61 facilitates the migration of contact layers 62 aand 62 b into and/or through the carrier layer 61 during a lamination(e.g., heat and/or pressure) process. The migration of the contactlayers into and/or through the carrier 61 helps to firmly secure thesmart card module, including the contact 104 between the antenna 100 andintegrated electronic circuitry 102.

In an alternative implementation we embed (e.g., through injectionmolding, lamination, etc.) a contactless smart card module in a carrierlayer 61. The carrier layer 61 is generally solid instead of permeablein this implementation. In this implementation the carrier layer 61preferably includes a material that is receptive to lamination orbonding, e.g., a polymer or adhesive material. In still a furtheralternative implementation, a carrier layer 61 comprises a metal orconductive material (e.g., copper wiring). The carrier layer 61 itselfserves as the antenna 100, which is connected to the electroniccircuitry 102 via a contact 104.

Regardless of which implementation is employed, contact layer 62 aand/or 62 b can receive indicia (or printing) provided thereon. Theprinting may include information that is typically associated with anidentification document, such as a photographic representation of thecard bearer, variable information, e.g., name, address, sex, height,weight, biometric information, signature, and/or citizenship, etc., etc.The printing may optionally include so-called fixed information such asinformation pertaining to an issuing authority, security feature (e.g.,optical variable devices, etc.), etc. In other implementations, theindicia includes a digital watermark. Instead of printing information onthe contact layer 62 a or 62 b surface, we sometimes print informationon an underside of a laminate/adhesive (e.g., 64 a and/or 64 b). Ifprinting on an inner laminate or adhesive layer, the printing may bereversed so it appears properly oriented when viewed from an outersurface of the laminate or adhesive layer. In some implementations, theink and printing techniques disclosed in Bentley Bloomberg and BobJones' patent application titled “INK WITH COHESIVE FAILURE ANDIDENTIFICATION DOCUMENT INCLUDING SAME,” filed concurrently herewith(Attorney Docket No. P0714D) will be used to print a contactless (orcontact) smart identification document. Printing techniques may includeoffset, gravure, screen, thermal transfer, ink or laser jet, etc.

In some implementations of our contactless smart ID document, wepre-print information onto a layer surface. The pre-printed informationmay include variable or fixed information.

Generally transparent laminate layers 64 a and 64 b are provided overthe contact layers 62 a and 62 b, respectively. The laminate layers 64 aand 64 b are secured to the contact layers, e.g., through a conventionallamination process involving heat and/or pressure. Laminates like thosediscussed above in Section 1 can be used here also. Laminate layers 64 aand 64 b provide some degree of intrusion protection for informationprinted on the smart card, as well as providing additional strength anda moisture barrier.

While specific dimensions may be dictated according to identificationdocument required standards, we note that our preferred dimensions forthe contactless smart identification document shown in FIG. 7 include:carrier (3-15 mils); contact layers (3-16 mils); and laminate (2-15mils). A preferred range of document depths is between about 27-40 mils,with our most preferred document depth includes about 30 mils.

Further implementations and examples of contactless smart identificationdocuments are discussed with reference to FIGS. 7-12.

With reference to FIG. 7, contact layers 62 a and 62 b include anadhesive (AD)/polymer/adhesive (AD) structure. The adhesive can becoated or layered on the polymer. The polymer layers (62 a and 62 b) maybe formed from any polymer, for example polyester, polystyrene,cellulose ester, polyolefin, polysulfone, or polyimide. Either anamorphous or biaxially oriented polymer may be used. But we usepolycarbonate as our most preferred polymer. The polymer 62 a and 62 bcan be colored, e.g., white, to help accentuate indicia provided thereonor on the laminate layers 64 a or 64 b. (In some implementations (notshown), we even provide a synthetic with adhesive layers (e.g.,adhesively coated TESLIN), composite, poly-bend and/or paper—instead ofa polymer—as a contact layer 62 a and 62 b material.). The contactlayers 62 a and 62 b can optionally include coloration, e.g., white, ifdesired. The adhesive layers AD (or coating) help secure the contactlayers 62 a and 62 b to the carrier layer 61 and to the laminate layers64 a and 64 b during a lamination process. In one implementation theadhesive comprises a co-extruded polyurethane (PU) (e.g., with a softpoint between about 230-290° F.). In another implementation we use analiphatic PU-based adhesive, CLA-93A, from Thermedics, Inc. in Woburn,Mass. Still another suitable adhesive is KRTY as provided byTransilwrap, headquartered in Franklin Park, Ill. 60131 USA. Othersuitable adhesives may include polyester, polyester urethane, polyetherurethane, polyolefin, poly-composites, thermoplastic adhesives, and/or ahot melt or ultraviolet or thermally cured adhesive; of course, anadhesive may be coated, extruded or cast on to one surface of thepolymer layer. The laminate layers 64 a and 64 b can also include, e.g.,a polymer, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester urethane, poly-composite,polystyrene, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), cellulose ester,polyolefin, polysulfone, polyimide, and/or polybutylene terephthalate(PBT), etc. Here again, our most preferred laminate layers 64 a and 64 beach comprise polycarbonate. Polycarbonate sheets are widely available,e.g., from GE Plastics, headquartered in Pittsfield, Mass.

With reference to FIG. 8, contact layers 62 a and 62 b preferablyinclude an Adhesive (AD2)/Polymer/Adhesive (AD1) structure, while thelaminates (64 a and 64 b) preferably include a Polymer/Adhesive (AD3)structure. Adhesive 2 is selected so as to provide a favorable bond withAdhesive 1 and Adhesive 3. Similarly, Adhesive 1 is selected tofavorably bond with adhesive 2 and 3. (In some cases, Adhesive 2 andAdhesive 3 will comprise the same adhesive.). Our most preferredimplementation employs a polycarbonate as the polymer and polyurethaneas the adhesives. Of course, other materials as discussed above can beused instead. If the adhesive layers include polyurethane, and since thefoundation of polyurethane chemistry is generally based on isocyanate, avariety of monomers and different reactions can be exploited forsynthesis of polymeric materials with desired properties, such asflexibility, toughness, durability, adhesion, and UV-stability by otheradditives. Additional polyurethane compounds need not be exploredherein; rather, one inventive concept is applying different polyurethanecompounds to the various layers to achieve desired properties.

With reference to FIG. 9, our contact layers 62 a and 62 b and ourlaminate layers 64 a and 64 b each comprise a polymer (orsynthetic)/adhesive structure. The adhesive sides (or coating) contactone another to help form a bond. Our most preferred implementationemploys a polycarbonate as the polymer and a polyurethane as theadhesive. Of course, other materials as discussed in this patentdocument and those known in the art as suitable equivalents can be usedinstead.

With reference to FIG. 11, we provide yet another example of acontactless smart identification document. We start with scrim inlaysheets (e.g., with a sheet size of about 15¾″×24″ that include about 6×6antenna 100/chip 102 structures, with each antenna/chip structure havinga dimension of about 45 mm×77 mm, as can be supplied from HITACHI). Ofcourse the scrim inlay sheets can be cut or otherwise sized as well. Theantenna/chip structure is preferably disposed between (or embedded) twoscrim layers or sheets to form a scrim core 110.

The scrim core 110 is preferably sandwiched between contact layers 112and 114. Each contact layer 112 and 114 preferably includes apolycarbonate layer (a) and polyurethane layers (b and c) (e.g., eachlayer comprises about 2 mils of polyurethane (e.g., CLA93A fromThermedics, Inc.), about 8 mils of white polycarbonate film (e.g., assupplied by GE Plastics), and about 2 mils of polyurethane (e.g.,CLA93A)). The polyurethane layers (b and c) can be coated, extruded,sprayed, layered, etc. onto the polycarbonate layer (a). Some care isgiven to the alignment of the scrim 110 (e.g., including multipleantenna/chip structures) and contact layers 112 and 114 to allow forfavorable printing and cutting down stream. In some situations, we caneven provide a registration marker (e.g., printing) on an outer surfaceof the polycarbonate or polyurethane to help properly align the contactlayers 112 and 114. In other cases we provide information (e.g.,so-called fixed indicia) on an outer surface of layer 112 b and 114 c.The information can be offset printed, xerographically printed, laserprinted, gravure printed, etc., etc.

Contact layers 112 and 114 are secured to the scrim core 110. Forexample, we attach the contact layers 112 and 114 through a laminationprocess (e.g., a heated surface, roller, or iron press). The H1structure shown in FIG. 11 results (i.e., without the spacing asillustrated). A preferred resulting structure is an 8.5″×11″ sheet,including a laminated scrim core 110/contact layer 112 and 114structure. Of course, other sheet sizes can be used as well. If using an8.5″×11″ sheet there are usually about nine antenna/chip structures persheet. We have two preferred branches in our process at this point. Afirst branch includes cutting (e.g., die cutting) the sheet into blanksafter the HI structure is assembled. Each blank includes oneantenna/chip structure having a cross-section as shown in FIG. 11. Theblanks can be, e.g., supplied to an over-the-counter issuing station,and further processed by, for example, printing personal information onthe blank or on an over-laminate and/or programming the on-card chip.

The second branch, perhaps better suited for use with a central-issuemodel, is discussed with reference to FIG. 12. The H1 structure sheet(e.g., including multiple antenna/chip structures) is even furtherprotected by providing over-laminate sheets 116 a and 116 b (e.g., 7 milclear polycarbonate, e.g., HP92W supplied from GE Plastics). In somecases, the over-laminates 116 a and 116 b will include an adhesive (notshown) to even further help the lamination process. The laminate layers116 a and 116 b are preferably personalized prior to lamination. Thepersonalization may include printing variable information (e.g.,photographs, text, graphics, signatures, etc., etc.) through laserprinting (e.g., Xerox's DOC12 laser printer), ink jet printing, offsetprinting, screen-printing, etc. (We note that the printing of variableinformation is preferably reversely printed in the FIG. 12implementation, since the print is provided on an inner surface of thelaminate layers 116 a and/or 116 b. Thus, the printed informationappears correctly aligned when viewed from the “view angle” shown inFIG. 12.).

The over-laminates 116 a and 116 b can be secured to the H1 structurethrough, e.g., lamination. One lamination techniques is a platen press,which receives the H1 structure and over-laminates 116 a and 116 b. Theplaten press includes upper and lower plates (e.g., Teflon coated metalor glass plates), which press (e.g., about 2.5K PSI) the HI structureand over-laminates 116 a and 116 b with heat (e.g., up to about 275° F.)to form the H2 structure (i.e., without the spacing as illustrated). Thelamination time varies between about 3-15 minutes, with an optimallamination of about 10 minutes. Of course, other lamination techniques(e.g., rollers, press, pads, etc.) can be used to secure theover-laminates 116 a and 116 b to the H1 structure. The laminatedstructure H2 is cut (e.g., die cut) to yield multi-contactless smartidentification documents. Each of these contactless smart identificationdocument can be programmed as needed (e.g., the on-board chip 102 can beprogrammed to include personalized information such as pass codes,biometric information, identification information, informationcorresponding to the cardholder or to information printed on theidentification document, etc.).

While specific structures have been discussed with respect to FIGS.6-12, we note that many other implementations will fall within the scopeof the present invention. For example, additional layers (e.g., laminatelayers or print layers) can be added to the illustrated structures.Also, in a few cases, we use a structure including a contactlayer/carrier/contact layer structure, or a laminate/contactlayer/carrier/contact layer structure. In another implementation, weprovide a cavity in an identification document, and then secure acontactless smart card module in the cavity.

And while we have described certain materials and dimensions for ourcontactless smart identification documents the present invention shouldnot be limited to such. Indeed, the present invention includes many morecontactless smart identification documents of different dimensions andmaterials.

Inventive Combinations

In addition to the inventive aspects detailed above and in the claims,some of the inventive combinations with respect to (e.g., contactless)smart ID documents include the following:

A. A method of manufacturing a contactless smart card comprising thesteps of:

providing a first contact layer and a second contact layer, the firstcontact layer comprising a front surface and a back surface, and thesecond contact layer comprising a front surface and a back surface;

providing an adhesive adjacently with at least the back surface of thefirst contact layer;

providing an adhesive adjacently with at least the back surface of thesecond contact layer;

providing a carrier having a top surface and a bottom surface;

combining the first contact layer, second contact layer and carrier toform a multi-layered structure, wherein the carrier comprises an antennaand electronic circuitry therein.

A1. The method of combination A, wherein the carrier comprises scrim andthe electronic circuitry provides at least some smart cardfunctionality.

A2. The method of combination A1, further comprising the steps of:

coating at least the front surface of the first layer; and

coating at least the front surface of the second layer.

A3. The method of combination A2, wherein the coating comprisespolyurethane, and the first and second layers each comprisespolycarbonate.

A4. The method of combination A3, further comprising the step oflaminating a top laminate and a bottom laminate respectively so as to bein contact with the front surface of the first contact layer and thefront surface of the second contact layer.

A5. The method of combination A1, further comprising the step ofprinting at least the first contact layer prior to said combining step.

A6. The method of combination A1, further comprising providing alaminate over at least the first contact layer, wherein the laminatecomprises personalized information thereon, the information beingdocument-holder specific.

B. A method of producing smart cards or identification documentscomprising the steps of:

providing a scrim core comprising electrical circuitry and an antenna;and

providing the scrim core between a first layer and a second layer sothat the first layer and second layer migrate into or through the scrimlayer.

B1. The method of combination B, wherein the first layer and secondlayer each comprise polycarbonate.

B2. The method of claim B1, wherein the first layer contacts a core topside and the second layer contacts a core bottom side, wherein the topside layer is coated with a first polyurethane material and the bottomside second material is coated with a second polyurethane material.

B3. The method of any one of claims B, B1 and B2, wherein the electricalcircuitry operates to provide at least some smart card functionality.

B4. The method of claim B3, wherein the at least some smart cardfunctionality comprises at least one of data carrier, data manipulation,access control, identification verification, biometric carrier and dataprocessing.

C. A smart identification document manufactured by the method in any oneof claims A-A6 and B-B4.

D. A method of making a contactless smart identification documentcomprising:

providing a carrier layer including at least a transceiver andelectronic circuitry, wherein the carrier comprises at least onepermeable area;

arranging the carrier layer between a first contact layer and a secondcontact layer, and then securing the first contact layer and secondcontact layer to the carrier layer through at least one of heat andpressure so that at least a portion of one of the first contact layerand the second contact layer migrates into the carrier layer at the onepermeable area; and

providing a first laminate layer over at least the first contact layer.

D1. The method of combination D, wherein indicia is provided on at leastone of the first contact layer and the first laminate layer prior tosaid providing a first laminate layer step.

D2. The method of combination D1 further comprising providing a secondlaminate layer over the second contact layer.

D3. The method of combination D1 wherein the first contact layer and thefirst laminate layer each comprise a polymer.

D4. The method of combination D3, wherein the first contact layercomprises an adhesive/polymer/adhesive structure.

D5. The method of combination D4 wherein the second contact layercomprises an adhesive/polymer/adhesive structure.

D6. The method of combination D3, wherein the first laminate comprises apolymer/adhesive structure.

D7. The method according to any one of combinations D3-D6, wherein thepolymer comprises polycarbonate.

D8. The method according to combination D7 wherein the adhesivecomprises polyurethane.

E. A contactless smart identification document comprising:

a first contact layer;

a second contact layer;

a carrier layer sandwiched in between the first and second contactlayers, the carrier layer including at least a transceiver andelectronic circuitry;

wherein at least a portion of the first contact layer and the secondcontact layer have migrated into the carrier layer, the migrationhelping to secure at least a portion of the transceiver or electroniccircuitry to the first and second contact layers; and

a first laminate layer covering the first contact layer and a secondlaminate layer covering the second contact layer.

E1. The contactless smart identification document of combination Ewherein the carrier comprises at least one of a scrim and mesh.

F. A method of manufacturing a contactless smart card comprising thesteps of:

providing a first layer and a second layer, the first layer comprising afront surface and a back surface, and the second layer comprising afront surface and a back surface;

coating at least the back surface of the first layer with an adhesive;

coating at least the back surface of the second layer with an adhesive;

providing a core having a top surface and a bottom surface;

combining the first layer, second layer and core to form a corestructure, the core structure comprising the coated back surface of thefirst layer in contact with the top surface of the core and the coatedback surface of the second layer in contact with the bottom surface ofthe core, wherein the core comprises an antenna and electronic circuitrycontained therein.

G. A method of producing smart identification documents comprising thesteps of:

providing a scrim core comprising electrical circuitry and an antenna;and

providing the scrim core between a first layer and a second layer.

Section 3: Manufacture of PET-Based Identification Document

The following section focuses primarily on identification documents. Inparticular, we present an incredibly earth-friendly and easilyrecycle-able identification document at a relatively low cost-per card.In one implementation, we provide an identification document structureincluding PET (polyethylene terephthalate) materials. PET material alsohas good strength and flexibility (with a low cracking tendency) andhigh anti-abrasion properties—while also providing advantageous costefficiencies.

We envision that in some implementations of the present invention, ourinventive a PET-base identification documents will be used in anover-the-counter (OTC) issuing model. As discussed in the backgroundsection above, over-the-counter (“OTC”) identification documents aregenerally issued immediately to a bearer who is present at adocument-issuing station. An OTC assembling process provides an IDdocument “on-the-spot”. (An illustrative example of an OTC assemblingprocess is a Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) setting where adriver's license is issued to a person, on the spot, after a successfulexam.). In some instances, the very nature of the OTC assembling processresults in small, sometimes compact, printing and card assemblers forprinting the ID document. Of course, our inventive PET identificationdocuments can be used in a central issue (CI) model as well.

One example of an OTC identification document (as disclosed in our U.S.Pat. No. 6,066,594, and which is herein incorporated by reference) isshown in FIG. 13. FIG. 13 shows a schematic cross-section through anover-the-counter identification document (card). The document comprisesa core layer 112 formed of an opaque white reflective polyolefin (e.g.,a TESLIN sheet) and printed on both surfaces with fixed indicia 114.

The printed core layer 112 is sandwiched between two polymer layers 116formed from an amorphous or biaxially oriented polyester or otheroptically clear plastic such as polycarbonate. Each of these polymerlayers 116 is fixedly secured to the core layer 112 by a layer 118 ofadhesive. On the opposed side of each polymer layer 116 from the core112 is provided an image-receiving layer 120 suited to the acceptance ofprinted image or portrait or other variable indicia (indicatedschematically at 122) by dye diffusion thermal transfer methods. Thematerial used to form the image-receiving layers 120 is chosen so as tobe immiscible with the polymer system of the donor sheet used, inaccordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,573 (which is herein incorporated byreference).

With reference to FIG. 14, we present an inventive over-the-counteridentification document including PET materials. In contrast to the FIG.13 document, the FIG. 14 implementation is a coreless structure. Thedocument primarily includes two PET layers (or films). Transilwrap, ofFranklin Park, IL, provides a suitable polyethylene terephthalate (PET)film under the trade name “TXP.” In some implementations we provide anamorphous PET film or layer. Of course, there are many other PET filmsthat can be suitably interchanged with this aspect of present invention.The two PET layers are combined, e.g., through a conventional laminationprocess. As shown in FIG. 12 we can use adhesive layers (e.g.,thermoplastic adhesives—preferably PET-based adhesives) to help securethe PET layers. The adhesive layers can be coated or layered with thePET layers. A resulting structure PET structure is cut into requiredidentification document sized cards, if needed. (We note that thedocument's height H can be adjusted according to required identificationdocument specifications. For example, the PET layers are preferablybetween about 5-15 mils and the adhesive layers are preferably betweenabout 2-10 mils. One implementation comprises 10 mil PET layers (e.g.,Transilwrap's TXP white PET film) and 5 mil adhesive layers (e.g.,Transilwrap's KRTY (polyolefin)).

The outer surface of a PET layer preferably receives information orindicia provided thereon. The PET layer can include coloration, e.g.,white to even better accentuate the indicia. The information caninclude, e.g., variable information such as a cardholder's name,address, photograph, signature, biometric information, etc. and/or fixedinformation (e.g., information which is common to a number of cards,such as the issuing authority, security features, etc.). The printingmay also include a so-called digital watermark. The watermark may beembedded in a background tint or pattern, a graphic or photograph, etc.A watermark can also be embedded through text or font manipulation aswell. While we preferably transfer information to the PET layer througha dye diffusion thermal transfer—or “D2T2”—process, the PET layer canalso be offset printed, ink or laser jet printed, laser etched, etc. Weprovide information on an outer surface of both PET layers in someimplementations. We can also print information in stages. For example,we can pre-print fixed information on a PET layer or PET substrate priorto lamination (or after lamination) and before a second stage printingof variable information. The information can also include a registrationor calibration marker to help align the identification document insubsequent printing steps.

The PET layer can be can be adapted to even better receive printedinformation. For example, we can provide a receiving-layer or “imagereceiving-layer” on an outer surface of a PET film. The term “image” inthis disclosure should be understood to include all forms of printed andtransferred information including images, graphics, text, machinereadable code, and/or designs, etc., etc. The image-receiving layer(e.g., about a 2-20 micron layer) may be formed from any materialcapable of receiving an image, e.g., by dye diffusion thermal transfer.(In some cases we use Transilwrap's DITX receiving fluid as animage-receiving layer. In other cases, a polymer (e.g., PVC) is used toform an image-receiving layer is first dissolved in an organic solvent,such as methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane or chloroform, and theresultant solution is coated onto the PET layer using conventionalcoating apparatus, and the solvent is then evaporated to form theimage-receiving layer. However, if desired, the receiving layer can beapplied to the PET layer by extrusion casting, or by slot, gravure orother known coating methods. Of course, other materials and receivinglayers, e.g., such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,573 and6,066,594, may be suitable interchanged with this image-receiving aspectof the present invention.

It may be advantageous to coat the image-receiving material at acentralized production facility and then provide resultant “blank”documents to a plurality of document issue stations (OTC stations) atwhich variable data is applied to the image-receiving layers of theidentification documents.

Following the printing of information on an image-receiving layer (ifprovided, otherwise after printing on the PET layer), a protective layer(not shown) is optionally affixed over at least a portion of theimage-receiving layer. The protective layer serves to protect therelatively fragile image-receiving layer from damage, and also preventsbleeding of information (e.g., thermal transfer dye) from theimage-receiving layer. Materials suitable for forming such protectivelayers are known to those skilled in the art of dye diffusion thermaltransfer printing and any of the conventional materials may be usedprovided that they have sufficient transparency and sufficient adhesionto the specific image-receiving layer with which they are in contactand/or block bleeding of dye from this layer. However, in keeping withthe theme of this aspect of the present invention, we preferably apply atransparent PET-based protective laminate, if used.

The protective layer may optionally provide additional security and/orfeatures for the identification document. For example, the protectivelayer may include a low cohesivity polymeric layer, an opticallyvariable ink, variable information, an image printed in an ink which isreadable in the infra-red or ultraviolet but is invisible in normalwhite light, an image printed in a fluorescent or phosphorescent ink,cohesive failure ink, or any other available security feature whichprotects the document against tampering or counterfeiting, and whichdoes not compromise the ability of the protective layer to protect theidentification document against wear and the elements.

With reference to FIG. 15 we provide yet another alternativeimplementation of a PET-based identification document. In particular, weprovide a PET substrate, protected by PET protective laminates. Ofcourse we can use adhesives to help secure the PET laminates to the PETsubstrate. The PET substrate is preferably colored, e.g., a white opaquecolor. Prior to lamination we provide information (e.g., variable and/orfixed information) on an outer surface or surfaces of the PET substrate.The PET substrate (or PET laminate) can be coated, prior to lamination,with an image-receiving material as discussed above. The image-receivingmaterial can be provided between the PET laminate and PET substrate(e.g., on either or both of these layers). The image-receiving materialcan be alternatively (or in addition to) provided on an outer surface ofthe PET laminate layer. If information is provided on an outer-surfaceof a PET laminate, a thin film protective coat or layer can beoptionally provided over the information for enhanced protection. Acompleted structure can be sized according to need (e.g., height H). Ourstructure, however, preferably includes dimensions in the followingranges: PET substrate (5-25 mils); PET laminates (2-15 mils) andadhesive layers, if used (2-8 mils).

From the foregoing, it will be seen that our PET-based identificationdocuments provides an over-the-counter identification document thataffords significant improvements in durability (e.g., flexibility andcrack-resistance) and earth-friendly characteristics (e.g., recycle andlow-hazardous emissions during production) as compared with the otherOTC identification documents. These types of PET-based ID documents canalso be provided at a significantly lower cost than other OTC (and CI)documents. Our PET-based identification documents can also provide adurable and secure identification document that is instantly producedover-the-counter. It should be appreciated that our PET-baseidentification document can also include so-called “blanks,” or documentstructures without printing, or with printing but prior to personalizingthe document.

While we prefer that our PET identification documents include all PETmaterials, it should be appreciated that our inventive PET-based IDdocuments need not be limited as necessarily including all PET. Forexample, a polymer (but non-PET) over-laminate may be added, a non-PETadhesive may be used, a non-PET image receiving layer is employed, etc.And of course the dyes or inks and other security features will notgenerally be PET-based. Such deviations certainly fall within the scopeof this aspect of the present invention.

Inventive Combinations

In addition to the inventive aspects detailed above and in the claims,some of the inventive combinations with respect to PET-based IDdocuments include the following:

A. A coreless identification document comprising:

a first PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film including a top surfaceand a bottom surface;

a second PET film including a top surface and a bottom surface;

an image-receiving layer provided on the first PET film top surface; and

an adhesive layer in contact with the first PET film bottom surface andthe second PET film top surface, the adhesive serving to secure thefirst PET film and the second PET film to one another.

A1. The document of combination A, wherein the receiving layer comprisesa layer capable of being imaged by dye diffusion thermal transfer.

A2. The document of combination A wherein the image-receiving layercomprises a layer capable of being imaged by gravure printing.

A3. The document of combination A, wherein the image-receiving layercomprises a depth in a range of 2 to 15 microns.

A4. The document of combination A, wherein the first PET film and thesecond PET film each comprises a depth of about 10 -mils.

A5. The document of combination A, wherein the adhesive layer comprisesat least two adhesive layers.

A6. The document of combination A, wherein the adhesive comprises PET.

A7. The document of combination A, wherein indicia is provided on theimage-receiving layer.

A8. The document of combination A7, wherein a laminate layer is providedover the indicia on the image-receiving layer.

A9. The document of combination A7, wherein the indicia is providedthrough dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2).

A10. The document of combination A7, wherein the indicia is providedthrough gravure printing.

A11. The document of combination A, further comprising a secondimage-receiving layer provided on the second PET film top surface.

A12. The document of combination A11, wherein indicia is provided on thesecond image-receiving layer.

A13. The document of combination A12, wherein a laminate layer isprovided over the indicia on the second image-receiving layer.

A14. The document of any one of combinations A7 and A13, wherein theindicia comprises at least one of a digital watermark and informationthat is specific to one who will bear the document.

A15. The document of combination A, wherein each of the first and secondPET layers comprises white coloration.

A16. The document of combination A15, wherein each of the first andsecond PET layers comprises substantially amorphous PET.

B. An identification document comprising:

a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) core layer comprising a first surfaceand a second surface,

a first layer of a substantially transparent PET fixed to the firstsurface of the PET core layer;

a second layer of a substantially transparent PET fixed to the secondsurface of the PET core layer; and

at least one image-receiving layer capable of being receivinginformation, the image-receiving layer being fixed to at least one ofthe first transparent PET layer and the first surface of the PET corelayer.

B1. The document of combination B, wherein the receiving layer comprisesa layer capable of being imaged by dye diffusion thermal transfer.

B2. The document of combination B wherein the image-receiving layercomprises a layer capable of being imaged by gravure printing.

C. An identification document comprising:

a first PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film including a top surfaceand a bottom surface;

a second PET film including a top surface and a bottom surface; and

an adhesive layer in contact with the first PET film bottom surface andthe second PET film top surface, the adhesive serving to secure thefirst PET film and the second PET film to one another.

D. A method of making an identification document comprising the stepsof:

providing a first PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film including a topsurface and a bottom surface;

providing a second PET film including a top surface and a bottomsurface;

providing an image-receiving layer adjacently arranged on the first PETfilm top surface; and

providing an adhesive layer so as to be in contact with the first PETfilm bottom surface and the second PET film top surface, the adhesiveserving to secure the first PET film to the second PET film.

D. A method of making an identification document comprising the stepsof:

providing a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) core layer comprising afirst surface and a second surface,

providing a first layer of a substantially transparent PET so as to beadjacently arranged with the first surface of the PET core layer;

providing a second layer of a substantially transparent PET so as to beadjacently arranged with the second surface of the PET core layer; and

providing at least one image-receiving layer capable of being receivinginformation, the image-receiving layer being adjacently arranged with atleast one of the first transparent PET layer and the first surface ofthe PET core layer.

Conclusion

Having described and illustrated the principles of the technology withreference to specific implementations, it will be recognized that thetechnology can be implemented in many other, different, forms.

For example, while we have described a contact-type smart card module asincluding, e.g., a Hitachi AE 45C module, the present invention is notso limited. Indeed many other smart card modules are contemplated, e.g.,Atmel's 1608, ModuleEight, and products from Philips, EVM, etc., etc. Ofcourse other modules can be used to facilitate similar/additional smartcard functionality. A cavity can be formed to accommodate the variousshapes and dimensions of alternative smart card modules.

In at least one embodiment (not shown), laminate layers are formed intoa pouch into which the core layer slips. With a pouch, methods such asheat, pressure, adhesives, and the like, are usable to bond the corelayer to the pouch laminates. Those skilled in the art will appreciatethat many known structures and configurations for laminating are usablewith the invention.

While we use terms herein like “front” and “back,” these terms areprovided primarily for the reader's convenience. For example, a smartcard module can be provided on a “front” side, instead of a “back” sideas discussed in section 1.

The technology disclosed herein can be used in combination with othertechnologies. Examples include the technology detailed in the followingapplications, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference: Ser. No. 09/747,735 (filed Dec. 22, 2000); Ser. No.09/969,200 (filed Oct. 2, 2001) and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/429,115 (filed Nov. 25, 2002). Also, instead of ID documents, theinventive techniques can be employed with product tags, productpackaging, business cards, smart cards, bags, charts, maps, labels,etc., etc. The term iID document is broadly defined herein to includethese tags, labels, packaging, cards, etc.

While many features and aspects of the present invention have beendisclosed herein, it will be appreciated that not all aspects andfeatures need be incorporated into each of the following claims.

To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening thespecification, applicants herein incorporate by reference each of thepatent documents referenced above.

The particular combinations of elements and features in theabove-detailed embodiments are exemplary only; the interchanging andsubstitution of these teachings with other teachings in this and theincorporated-by-reference patent documents are also expresslycontemplated.

The technology disclosed herein can be used in combination with othertechnologies. For example, instead of traditional smart cards, theinventive techniques can be employed with identification documents,drivers' licenses, passports, product tags, product packaging, businesscards, bags, charts, maps, labels, etc. The terms “smart card” and“smart ID document” are broadly defined herein to include such licenses,passports, tags, labels, packaging, cards, etc.

It should be appreciated that while specific dimensions and componentshave been presented herein (including the drawings), the presentinvention is not limited to such dimensions and specific components.Indeed, many of the document dimensions, materials, printing techniquesand smart card circuitry can be interchanged without deviating from thescope of the present invention.

In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles andfeatures discussed above can be applied, it should be apparent that thedetailed embodiments are illustrative only and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the invention. Rather, we claim as our inventionall such modifications as may come within the scope and spirit of thefollowing claims and equivalents thereof.

1. A contactless smart identification document comprising: a firstcontact layer; a second contact layer; a carrier layer sandwiched inbetween the first and second contact layers, the carrier layer includingat least a transceiver and electronic circuitry; and wherein at least aportion of the first contact layer and the second contact layer havemigrated into the carrier layer, the migration helping to secure atleast a portion of the transceiver or electronic circuitry to the firstand second contact layers,
 2. The contactless smart identificationdocument of claim 1 wherein the carrier comprises at least one of ascrim and mesh.
 3. The contactless smart identification document ofclaim 1, further comprising a laminate layer covering at least one ofthe first and second contact layers.
 4. The contactless smartidentification document of claim 2, wherein the laminate layer furthercomprises personalized information formed thereon.
 5. The contactlesssmart identification document of claim 1, wherein the electricalcircuitry operates to provide at least some smart card functionality. 6.The contactless smart identification document of claim 5, wherein the atleast some smart card functionality comprises at least one of datacarrier, data manipulation, access control, identification verification,carrying biometric information, and data processing.
 7. The contactlesssmart identification document of claim 1, wherein at least one of thefirst and second contact layers comprises at least one of a polymer,polycarbonate, an adhesive/polymer/adhesive structure, and apolymer/adhesive structure, polyester, polyester urethane,poly-composite, polystyrene, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), celluloseester, polyolefin, polysulfone, polyimide, and polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT),
 8. A method of manufacturing a contactless smartcard comprising: providing a first contact layer and a second contactlayer, the first contact layer comprising a front surface and a backsurface, and the second contact layer comprising a front surface and aback surface; providing a carrier having a top surface and a bottomsurface; combining the first contact layer, second contact layer andcarrier to form a multi-layered structure, wherein the carrier comprisesan antenna and electronic circuitry therein.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein the carrier comprises scrim and the electronic circuitryprovides at least some smart card functionality.
 10. The method of claim8 further comprising the step of applying a coating to at least thefront surface of at least one of the first and second layers.
 11. Themethod of claim 10 wherein the coating comprises an adhesive.
 12. Themethod of claim 10 wherein the coating comprises at least one ofco-extruded polyurethane (PU), an aliphatic PU-based adhesive, KRTY,polyester, polyester urethane, polyether urethane, polyolefin,poly-composites, thermoplastic adhesives, a hot melt adhesive anultraviolet-cured adhesive, and a thermally cured adhesive;
 13. Themethod of claim 8 further comprising at least the first contact layerprior to combining the first contact layer, second contact layer, andcarrier.
 14. The method of claim 8, further comprising laminating atleast one of: a top laminate so as to be in contact with the frontsurface of the first contact layer, and and a bottom laminate so as tobe in contact with the front surface of the second contact layer. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the laminate comprises personalizedinformation.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the carrier furthercomprises a scrim core comprising electrical circuitry and an antenna.17. The method of claim 16, wherein the carrier is positioned betweenthe first and second contact layers such that the first and secondcontact layers migrate into or through the scrim layer.
 18. The methodof claim 16 wherein the electrical circuitry operates to provide atleast some smart card functionality.
 19. A method of producing smartidentification documents comprising: providing a scrim core comprisingelectrical circuitry and an antenna; and providing the scrim corebetween a first layer and a second layer.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the scrim core is positioned between the first and second layerssuch that the first and second contact layers migrate into or throughthe scrim core.